General Construction Stats & Sources

9/10 cost overrun

http://www.ijimt.org/vol8/717-MP0022.pdf

Over 3 years only 10% came within 10% of budget

Large projects 20% longer to finish, Mckinsey study shows construction productivity declining since the 90’s

https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/imagining-constructions-digital-future

Poor communication leads to 1/3rd issues

https://info.coreworx.com/blog/pmi-study-reveals-poor-communication-leads-to-project-failure-one-third-of-the-time

Productivity changes could save 1.63 trillion/ year

https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/infrastructure-productivity

HOW LONG DOES A 3D PRINTED HOUSE TAKE

https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/three-bedroom-house-3-d-printed-in-12-hours-132738034.html

https://www.today.com/home/companies-using-3d-printing-build-houses-half-cost-t217164

https://www.thezebra.com/resources/home/3d-printed-homes/#infographic

MY CONTENT

Habitat virginia 1  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0wpUP21_Tg&t=736s

Habitat virginia 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K7DlbPDGpEs

Habitat virginia 3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oo2JNz_n0Q4

Handover ceremony https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o8UKbNT5LQs&t=63s

Virginia alquist done print https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WQirtabDKU&t=547s

Virginia alquist roof https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fdL0mgI_U_E&t=240s

Virginia alquist 3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmqidUlCTd4

SQ4D Post Printhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEWzGXzEAbQ&t=6sSQ4D Completehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJpCiHjfbS4&t=4s

Written by Howard Stone

We have now seen many 3D architectural printing projects and one thing that many of them have in common is the cement based mix they print with.
There are many materials that can be used in 3D printing but Portland cement is an easily engineered common product available world wide.

So, just for a quick rewind, what is Cement and where did it come from and what is its future in the world of 3D printing.

Joseph Aspdin of Leeds England developed the first Cement mix in the early eighteen hundreds by burning powdered limestone and clay in his kitchen stove. He called it Portland Cement because it resembled the building stone from the nearby Isle of Portland.

Joseph found that limestone, which contained alumina and silica, when mixed with clay, baked and crushed, formed a powder so fine it could pass through a sieve that could hold water.

Today’s Portland Cement dust is so fine that 1 pound contains around 150 billion grains, and that according to the US Geological Survey, in 2020, globally, over 4 trillion metric tons of cement were produced.
That is 600,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 grains, more or less…

Although the terms cement and concrete are often used interchangeably, cement is actually an ingredient of concrete. Concrete is usually a mixture of cement, aggregates and water.

Aggregates are very important to the mix and although they are most commonly inert fillers such as sand and rock, the different properties of aggregates have a large impact on the strength, durability, workability, and economy of concrete; and it’s those different properties of that allow mix designers the flexibility to meet a wide range of construction requirements.

There are many reasons to use aggregates but perhaps the biggest reason is cost. The cost of cement is usually seven or eight times more than sand or stone and while cement is always necessary, the strength is determined by the use of aggregates which make up to 70-85% of the mass of concrete.

‘Aggregate’ refers to any particulate material. This includes gravel, crushed stone, sand, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic products and many others. Aggregates also help control thermal and elastic properties, dimensional stability and volume stability, manage shrinkage levels and help to prevent cracking.

Aggregates can be natural, manufactured or recycled materials.
General construction aggregates generally fall into two categories.
Fine aggregates consist of particles that can pass through a 3/8-inch, or about a 10mm sieve. Coarse aggregates are particles larger than 0.19 inch, but generally range between 3/8 and 1.5 inches or 40mm. in size.
Silica fume, for instance, also known as microsilica, is an ultrafine aggregate and consists of spherical particles with an average particle diameter of 150 nm. Zeolite, pumice, crushed quartz powder and fly ash can be made into such very small particles. By comparison, a sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick and red blood cells are about 10,000 nanometers across.

The Hard Facts…
What does M -20 M -15 M -20 mean with respect to concrete?
The ‘M’ describes the mix design while the strength digits represent compressive strength in N/mm2. ( 1 N/mm2 = 1 MPA = 1000 kPa )
The ratio of cement / sand / aggregate = strength.
M10 Grade of Concrete with a ratio of 1:3:6 = 10 MPa or 1450 psi
M15 Grade of Concrete with a ratio of 1:2:4 = 15 MPa or 2175 psi
M20 Grade of Concrete with a ratio of 1:1.5:3 = 20 MPa or 2900 psi

M5, M10, and M15 grades of concrete are generally used as bedding concrete below columns and as footings.
M20 through M35 grade concrete is generally used in the construction of slabs, beams, columns, footings, etc.

M40, and M45, are used for the construction of commercial structures, pre-stressed concrete members, runways, concrete roads, it is also used for pressured concrete girders, columns, and beams.

Superplasticisers are commonly used to improve the workability and to enhance the compaction of concrete for increased density and will improve the surface finish of most any concrete product. Also known as high range water reducers, plastersizers enable the production of concrete with approximately 15% – 30% less water content.

On a Lighter note…
Aerated concrete is made by introducing air into a cement slurry so that a cellular structure is formed. While aerated or foam concrete do not have the strength of regular concrete, they do have the beneficial properties of heat preservation, heat insulation, and sound absorption. Though they are called concrete, they are not a true concrete by definition.

Foam concrete as opposed to aerated concrete has a uniform closed-cell structure which allows for more predictable engineering outcomes.
Usually it is prepared by introducing foaming agents such as hydrogen peroxide and plant surfactants similar to those found in many common dishwashing detergents. Foamed concrete is free-flowing and can be placed without vibration or compaction. It is lightweight, has low thermal conductivity and good sound insulation properties which are not available in ordinary concrete. Depending on its density, up to 80% of the volume of a typical aerated/foamed block is air. The low density also makes for lower structural compression strength which is on average about half of the compressive strength of regular concrete or, 8N/mm2 / 8000 kpa / 1,200 psi.

Foam stabilizers help maintain density, thermal conductivity, flexural and compressive strength compared to a foamed mix without stabilizer due to an improvement of pore structure.
Foam stabilizer is generally made with calcium stearate and alum. Preparation is simple, performance is excellent and it is friendly to the environment.

Looking to the Future:

Contemporary architecture is moving on from the box and has embraced the curve which gives many modern structures their sleek and futuristic appearance. This is largely thanks to the integration of innovative 3D design and cutting-edge 3D production methods.

With more advanced technologies, it is possible to create more complex geometries without compromising quality and performance. 3D printing in construction shows great promise, being able to create practically any curved shape through computer controlled processes.

Curved forms are fluidic, which allow them to blend into natural landscapes. Some of the most striking designs in contemporary architecture that utilize 3D technologies to bring these modern designs to life. But even before there was computer-aided design, CNC manufacturing and 3D printing, the curved form could be found throughout architectural history. From the dawn of time to the information age, many cultures have developed curved architecture, because of the strength and flexibility it offered. In random fact, testing by SPS found loads as high as +300 lbs can be pressed upon standard, large eggs because their form evenly dissipates pressure.

Arches, Domes and Innovation
Early examples of the curved form include structures of historical significance like the Marcello theater built in 13 BC, the Pantheon and the Roman Colosseum. Developing the arch into a dome was perhaps the greatest achievement for the renaissance builders and the first major structure was designed by Filippo Brunelleschi for the Florence Cathedral. Using modern mathematics and physics, and with no scaffolding, he constructed a beautiful dome with four million bricks that still stand to this day.

3D printing has a large part to play in our future with the integration of unibody type construction in which walls and roof are manufactured as one. While roof on frame used to be the go-to construction of choice, unibody constructs are gaining ground and will no doubt be more prevalent in the future.

Alexey Ostanin СЕО of the Company Printed Dome https://printeddome.com which is one of the early producers of 3D printed structures has recently teamed up with Howard Stone of the 3DOHM to produce affordable cyclone resistant homes throughout the pacific. Foamed concrete will play a significant role in this mass 3D printing project because of the economy, existent engineering and the basic materials that make up foamed concrete which are commonly available worldwide. This largely humanitarian project promises to be significant for Pasifika Peoples of those island nations most strongly affected by climate change.

Open Source Printing Recipe – Cement 20% ~ 35%; Mineral admixture 18% ~ 35%; Fiber 0.08% ~ 2.8%; Fine aggregate 15% ~ 40%; Foaming agent 0.2% ~ 1.0%; Foam stabilizer 0.15% ~ 2.0%; Superplasticizer 0.05% ~ 0.15%; Temperature control shrinkage reducing agent 1.5% ~ 3.5%

3D Printed Construction has taken the world by storm time and time again, it seems each time a new project launches the world gets even more excited as this technology starts to bring the initial promises of cheap/ fast construction closer to reality at scale. 

In my journeys around the world and of course nearly every state in the USA I have witnessed printing from all kinds of machines. It is incredible to see how many changes are being made to the print strategies they have over short periods of time. I am constantly inspired to continue digging deeper and learning more about automated construction as the issues which inspired me to pursue this in the first place worsen at an increasing pace. Housing costs, construction labor costs, these don’t seem to be temporary issues that are going away. I have been fortunate enough not only to watch these printers live on many occasions but also operate one taking lead on a print. 

On my travels I have in fact seen more 3D printed homes than printers and I make sure to visit them multiple times throughout the construction process so I can see the things that will potentially be hidden by the time the home is complete. To understand 3D printed construction on a beginner level you need to have a grasp on the following things:

3D Concrete Printing 

Software

Printer Operation

Construction

Design

Permitting

Business Models 

Course of Action

Risks

I have built a course “How to 3D Print a House for Beginners” which overviews each of the sections above in 200 minutes of video lectures. There are so many printers out there but the course is designed to be a blanket overview for all of them that gives a general picture of the equipment you are likely to find at every job site. Each company is unique is some way so there are variances from the course but the point is to give a firm baseline understanding. 

I see this course platform developing into something that has tremendous group utility as course alumni pursue careers and startups in the 3D printed construction industry. As the small tribe of course members grows I have a roadmap for how I will build out more infrastructure on the website to accommodate the growing group. 

The beta version 1.0 was launched yesterday and I have already made some small bug fixes and video updates. I guess you could say we are now on version 1.1, I intentionally set the price far below competing courses for the beta program but once I am sure it runs smoothly the price will increase sharply. By having the patience to be a part of the beta you save money for the same permanent course access that people will be paying double for in the future. I can’t tell you how much I appreciate the course members who have reached out to let me know suggestions they have for improvements. 

Wishes for a Happy New Year!

For those new-comers amongst us, please find below the pertinent review of all-news related happenings in our beloved 3DCP Industry.

From my side, may 2022 bring forth only Joy, Happiness, Love (including quality Family time) and ofcourse, 3D Construction Printing successes! 🙂

Kind regards,

Nikos

News clippings (hyperlinks sorted by thematic category -or at least as close to 😀)

• General/public interest:
  • “What Were the 3D Printing Trends in 2021?” (link)
  • “Gradations of Recycled Glass to Replace River Sand in 3D-Printed Concrete” (link)
  • “Smart Cities: Paradise or Punishment?” (link)
  • “Future Buildings Could Be Made From 3D Printed Microbes” (link)
  • “Print your home, it’s faster and cheaper” (link)
  • “Purdue researchers test 3D concrete printing system as part of NSF-funded project” (link)
  • “HOW 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY CHANGES THE NEED FOR TRAVEL” (link)
  • “Engineers Use 3D Printing to Speed Up Coral Reef Recovery” (link)
  • “INDONESIA TARGETING CONCRETE 3D PRINTED SCHOOLS AFTER CONDUCTING INITIAL TRIALS OF THE TECHNOLOGY” (link)
  • “Bouligand Structure of Mantis Shrimp Inspires 3D Printing of Concrete” (link)
  • “UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY TO PARTNER WITH GE ADDITIVE ON R&D AT NEW $25M ‘FACTORY OF THE FUTURE’” (link)
  • “(Not) just another print of a wall” (link)
  • “Von Perry is to Build the First 3D-Printed House in DFW” (link)
  • “Uncertainty Makes Insuring 3D-Printed Construction Tricky” (link)
  • “The most innovative 3D printing companies in 2021” (link)
  • “RESEARCHERS USE RECYCLED GLASS TO DEVELOP NEW ECO-FRIENDLY 3D PRINTABLE CONCRETE” (link)
  • “Using 3D printed sand, these structures become stronger than concrete” (link)
  • “3D Printable “Eco-concrete” Lends Affordability to Housing” (link)
  • “PUPR Ministry starts trial of indigenous 3D Concrete Printing tech” (link)
  • “First 3D Printed residential home in Canada to be built in Leamington, Ont.” (link)
  • “3-D printed homes to house youth in need in Leamington” (link)
  • “3D Printed Concrete House Coming to Dallas” (link)
  • “Iowa State University gets $1.4 million to buy 3D concrete printer for low-cost homebuilding” (link)
  • “Design for Disruption: 3D Printing Design for Ruins” (link)
  • “Instead of concrete, 3D printers thread houses with clay” (link)
  • “City of Medford looks over proposed 3D constructed neighborhood” (link) (youtube)
  • “Does 3D Printed Architecture Have Real Potential? We Talk With an Architect About His Experience Designing and Building a 3D Printed House” (link)
  • “Habitat for Humanity to Celebrate the Completion of 3D Printed House” (link)
  • “New ISU project will design 3D-printed housing for rural Iowa” (link)
  • “First 3D-printed, owner-occupied home in US to be unveiled” (link)
  • “Imerys : Minerals help speed up 3D Construction Printing process” (link)
  • “Dior’s new concept store was 3D printed in 120 hours — Future Blink” (link) (youtube)
  • “3D printed homes making Redding debut aren’t ‘concrete bunkers’” (link)
  • “Companies turn to 3D printing tech to construct houses” (link)
  • “SWEDISH ARCHITECTS USE 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY TO DEVELOP NOVEL ‘MERISTEM WALL’” (link)
  • “3D-printed homes: Gimmick or affordable-housing solution?” (link)
  • “Exploring extreme design with 3D printing” (link)
  • “Efficiency – Spray Foam Magazine – Winter 2021” (link)
  • “Venice footbridge, Dubai concept store created using 3D printing technology” (link)
  • “3D printed house takes shape in rural China” (link) (link) (link) (link)
  • “The Advantages of Additively Manufacturing Printing Concrete” (link)
  • “How 3D Houses Are Changing the Housing Industry” (link)
• Space:
  • “SpaceX 3D prints building extension at Texas Starbase – Construction 3D printing youtube Jarrett Gross first to break story” (link) 🙂
  • “Australian start-up and university partnering to 3D print structures on the moon” (link)
  • “Australian 3D Printing Company Wants to Build Houses on the Moon” (link)
  • “How 3D Printers Are Helping The Homeless And Astronauts” (link)
  • “UNSW TO HELP LUYTEN RAMP UP THE R&D OF ‘PLATYPUS GALACTICAS’ LUNAR 3D PRINTER” (link)
  • “Project Meeka: Developing Tech for 3D Printing Moon Habitats” (link)
• Start-ups:
  • “What Are the 3D Printing Startups to Know in 2021?” (link)
  • “IIT-M startup Tvasta: India’s first 3D-printed house” (link)
  • “Startups Building 3D Printed Homes Aim for Large-Scale Success” (link)
  • “This Dallas startup wants to 3D-print your new home” (link)
  • “Dallas Startup Von Perry Is Building a 3D-Printed Home in Collin County” (link)
  • “3Lines leads investment in MiCoB, the future of construction industry” (link)
• Foam-related:
  • “ETH ZURICH CUTS CONCRETE USAGE BY 70% USING FOAM 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY” (link) (youtube)
  • “ETH zurich uses foam 3D printing to produce intricate recyclable formwork in concrete casting” (link)
  • “Foam 3D printing technique could minimize concrete is used in construction” (link) (link)
  • “CONCRETE WITH 3D PRINTED FOAM FORMS” (link)
• 14Trees:
  • “Mvule Gardens, Africa’s largest 3D printed affordable housing project” (link)
  • “14TREES TO BUILD LARGEST 3D PRINTED AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROJECT IN KENYA” (link)
  • “14Trees and CDC Group build 52-house 3D-printed housing development in Kilifi county” (link)
  • “Kenya to construct Africa’s largest 3D-printed affordable housing project” (link)
  • “HOLCIM DELIVERS AFRICA’S LARGEST 3D-PRINTED AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROJECT” (link)
• Black Buffalo:
  • “3D printing specialist plans Pennsylvania parcel for equipment, R&D hub” (link)
  • “Black Buffalo 3D Wants to Reduce Construction’s Carbon Footprint Using 3D Printing” (link)
  • “Black Buffalo 3D collaborates to develop Plant-based 3D Construction Ink” (link)
  • “Black Buffalo 3D Buys 106 Acres in Pennsylvania for 3D Construction Printer Factory, 3D Printed Affordable Housing and Modular Showcase” (link)
• COBOD:
  • “Cemex and Cobod International launch D.fab admixtures for 3D concrete printing” (link)
  • “CEMEX and COBOD introduce 3D printing technology” (link)
  • “Mexico’s Cemex, Denmark’s Cobod Team Up to Expand Homebuilding With 3D Printers” (link)
  • “Could Denmark-based 3D home printing firm ‘put Redding on the map?” (link)
  • “CEMEX B de C : With new 3D printing technology, CEMEX and COBOD build a better future” (link)
  • “D.fab promises 90% cost reduction in concrete 3D printing materials” (link)
  • “Holcim and COBOD Build First 3D Printed House in Kenya” (link)
  • “World’s largest real concrete building 3D printed by GUtech university” (link)
  • “Oman builds world’s largest 3D printed real concrete building” (link)
• Cybe:
  • “3D-printed ‘green’ villa in Sharjah cuts building and maintenance costs” (link)
• ICON:
  • “Texas will soon get an entire neighbourhood of 3D-printed houses” (link)
  • “Want to live in a house made by a printer? It could be the future” (link)
  • “World’s Largest 3D-Printed Neighborhood Set to Break Ground in Austin Next Year” (link)
  • “Texas company leading 3D home printing innovation” (link)
• Twente Additive Manufacturing (TAM):
  • “3D printed houses are here” (link)
• Vertico:
  • “MAI International partners with Vertico on construction 3D printers” (link)
• WASP:
  • “WASP WOWS WITH NEW PELLET, FILAMENT AND CLAY 3D PRINTING LINEUP AT FORMNEXT 2021” (link)
  • “WASP Displays New 3D Printers and Sustainable Innovation at Formnext 2021” (link)

Scientific papers:

• “Evaluation and Correlation Study on Work Performance of 3D-Printed Concrete” (link)
• “Investigation of the material mixtures and fiber addition for 3D concrete printing” (link)
• “Discrete Fresh Concrete Model for Simulation of Ordinary, Self-Consolidating, and Printable Concrete Flow” (link)
• “A Preliminary Study on the Mix Design of 3D-Printable Engineered Cementitious Composite” (link)
• “3D-printed concrete with recycled glass: Effect of glass gradation on flexural strength and microstructure” (link)
• “Mathematical morphology-based point cloud analysis techniques for geometry assessment of 3D printed concrete elements” (link)
• “Role of chemical admixtures on 3D printed Portland cement: Assessing rheology and buildability” (link)
• “Influence of substrate surface roughness and moisture content on tensile adhesion performance of 3D printable concrete” (link)
• “Effect of drying environment on mechanical properties, internal RH and pore structure of 3D printed concrete” (link)
• “Dynamic characterization of the layer-interface properties of 3D-printed concrete elements” (link)
• “Analysis of the mechanical performance and damage mechanism for 3D printed concrete based on pore structure” (link)
• “Study on Main Parameters Affecting 3D Printing Performance of Clay” (link)
• “Constructive design of double curved shells for 3D concrete printing” (link)
• “New technology in 3D Concrete Printing by Using Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag: A Review” (link)
• “A Study on the Analysis of the Trend of installations Using 3D Printing Technique” (link)
• “Experimental Study on Increase of Bonding Strength of FRP Reinforcement in Concrete” (link)
• “Physical modelling of reinforced concrete at a 1:40 scale using additively manufactured reinforcement cages” (link)
• “A comprehensive review of emerging additive manufacturing (3D printing technology): Methods, materials, applications, challenges, trends and future potential” (link)
• “An efficient computational framework for generating realistic 3D mesoscale concrete models using micro X-ray computed tomography images and dynamic physics engine” (link)
• “On programming of polyvinylidene fluoride–limestone composite for four-dimensional printing applications in heritage structures” (link)
• “Machine Learning-Evolutionary Algorithm Enabled Design for 4D-Printed Active Composite Structures” (link)
• “Projections for Lunar Culture, Living, and Working: How Will We Be Different?” (link)
• “Evaluating the Effect of 3D Printing Technologies on Innovation and Entrepreneurship: A Practical Case Study” (link)
• “Development of Productivity Analysis Simulation Model for Formwork Based on 3D Printing Technology Using ARENA” (link)
• “The relative impact of isomorphic pressures on the adoption of radical technology: Evidence from 3D printing” (link)
• “From materials to components: 3D-printed architected honeycombs toward high-performance and tunable electromagnetic interference shielding” (link)
• “Digitisation of contemporary fabrication processes in the AEC sector” (link)
• “Influence of kenaf stalk on printability and performance of 3D printed industrial tailings based geopolymer” (link)
• “Design and Implementation of 3D Printing Using a Universal Printing System on the Robot Arm UR5” (link)
• “PVA fibre reinforced high-strength cementitious composite for 3D printing: Mechanical properties and durability” (link)
• “3D printing nanocomposites with controllable “strength-toughness” transition: Modification of SiO2 and construction of Stereocomplex Crystallites” (link)
• “Strain-hardening fiber reinforced polymer concrete with a low carbon footprint” (link)
• “Fabrication Information Modeling: Closing the gap between Building Information Modeling and Digital Fabrication” (link)
• “A novel internal curing method for 3D-printed geopolymer structures reinforced with a steel cable: Electro-heating” (link)
• “3D Printing Deformation Estimation Using Artificial Vision Strategies for Smart-Construction” (link)
• “Cross-linking of biopolymers for stabilizing earthen construction materials” (link)
• “3D concrete printing of bioinspired Bouligand structure: A study on impact resistance” (link)
• “Chloride Diffusion by Build Orientation of Cementitious Material-Based Binder Jetting 3D Printing Mortar” (link)
• “Dronology and 3D Printing as a Catalyst for International Trade in Industry 4.0.” (link)
• “BASIC PRINCIPLES OF 3D CONCRETE PRINTING IN THE LIGHT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT” (link)
• “Effect of alternating current field on rheology of fresh cement-based pastes” (link)
• “Bonding Strength Analysis of Multi-material and Multi-color Specimens Printed with Multi-extrusion Printer” (link)
• “Bamboo-inspired, simulation-guided design and 3D printing of light-weight and high-strength mechanical metamaterials” (link)
• “Role of Metal 3D Printing to Increase Quality and Resource-efficiency in the Construction Sector” (link)
• “Bond shear performances and constitutive model of interfaces between vertical and horizontal filaments of 3D printed concrete” (link)
• “Performance of concrete beam reinforced with 3D printed Bioinspired primitive scaffold subjected to three-point bending” (link)
• “High toughness 3D printed white Portland cement-based materials with glass fiber textile” (link)
• “The relationship between the rheological behavior and interlayer bonding properties of 3D printing cementitious materials with the addition of attapulgite” (link)
• “3D printing as an automated manufacturing method for a carbon fiber-reinforced cementitious composite with outstanding flexural strength (105 N/mm2)” (link)
• “Differential Property Prediction: A Machine Learning Approach to Experimental Design in Advanced Manufacturing” (link)
• “DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY” (link)
• “Building sympathy: Waiting-with digital fabrication machines as a form of architectural labor” (link)
• “Advances and current trends on the use of 3D printed concrete for building fabrication” (link)
• “3D-Printed Mortars with Combined Steel and Polypropylene Fibers” (link)
• “A NOVEL KNOWLEDGE-BASED TOOLPATH CONSTRUCTIVE APPROACH FOR DESIGNING HIGH-PRECISION GRADED LATTICE STRUCTURES” (link)
• “Numerical Predictions of Bottom Layer Stability in Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing” (link)
• “Material Characterization of Diversity Aggregated Cementitious Materials Produced with a Modular Lightweight Additive Manufacturing Extrusion System” (link)
• “Simultaneous design of topology and printing direction of structural elements for Wire-and-Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)” (link)
• “On 3D printing of electro-active PVDF-Graphene and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticle-based composite as a self-healing repair solution for heritage structures” (link)
• “Effect of Particle Size and Shape on Wall Slip of Highly Filled Powder Feedstocks for Material Extrusion and Powder Injection Molding” (link)
• “Effect of reinforcement configurations on the flexural behaviors of 3D printed fiber reinforced cementitious composite (FRCC) beams” (link)
• “Real-time toolpath planning and extrusion control (RTPEC) method for variable-width 3D concrete printing” (link)
• “Assessment of materials, design parameters and some properties of 3D printing concrete mixtures; a state-of-the-art review” (link)
• “Investigation on applicability of spherical electric arc furnace slag as fine aggregate in superplasticizer-free 3D printed concrete” (link)
• “Rheology and microstructure development of hydrating tricalcium silicate – implications for additive manufacturing in construction” (link)
• “Flow Characterization of Three-Dimensional Printable Cementitious Pastes during Extrusion Using Capillary Rheometry” (link)
• “Extrusion-Based Three-Dimensional Printing Performance of Alkali-Activated Binders” (link)
• “Case Study: Measuring Flow and Setting Time for Three-Dimensionally Printed Mortar” (link)
• “Feasibility of 3D printing to fill in-situ cracks in asphalt concretes” (link)
• “A process optimization of additive layer manufacturing processes for the production of polymer composite-based components” (link)
• “Transformative Vision Assessment and 3-D Printing Futures: A New Approach of Technology Assessment to Address Grand Societal Challenges” (link)
• “Understanding the role and capabilities of Internet of Things-enabled Additive Manufacturing through its applications” (link)
• “Effect of High-Pressure Hot Airflow On Interlayer Adhesion Strength of 3D Printed Parts” (link)
• “Structural behavior of 3D-printed sandwich beams with strut-based lattice core: Experimental and numerical study” (link)
• “A novel bond stress-slip model for 3-D printed concretes” (link)
• “Evaluation of Model 3D Printer and Design Mix for 3D Concrete Printing” (link)
• “Investigation of influence of printing parameters on the quality of 3D printed composite structures” (link)
• “Effect of directionally distributed steel fiber on static and dynamic properties of 3D printed cementitious composite” (link)
• “ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL PERFORMANCES OF CYLINDER IN 3D CONCRETE PRINTING PROCESSES” (link)
• “Novel tri-viscous model to simulate pumping of flowable concrete through characterization of lubrication layer and plug zones” (link)
• “Experimental and numerical analysis of the bending behavior of 3D printed modified auxetic sandwich structures” (link)
• “3D concrete printing for sustainable and economical construction: A comparative study” (link)
• “Investigation on applicability of spherical electric arc furnace slag as fine aggregate in superplasticizer-free 3D printed concrete” (link)
• “Three-Dimensional Printing of Reinforced Concrete and Nozzle Therefor” (link)
• “Evaluating the Environmental Performance of 3D Printed Shelters in Jordan” (link)
• “Fatigue behaviour and abrasion resistance of prefabricated pavement textures assisted with 3d printing technology” (link)
• “Fatigue behavior and abrasion resistance of prefabricated pavement textures assisted with 3D printing technology” (link)
• “Magneto-rheology control in 3D concrete printing: A rheological attempt” (link)
• “Structural efficiency of varying-thickness regolith-based lunar arches against inertial loading” (link)
• “Recent review on synthesis, evaluation, and SWOT analysis of nanostructured cellulose in construction applications” (link)
• “4D PRINTING OF TEMPERATURE DRIVEN SMART COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR SPACE APPLICATION” (link)
• “Towards fully BIM-enabled building automation and robotics: A perspective of lifecycle information flow” (link)
• “Foam stability of 3D printable foamed concrete” (link)
• “The Influence of Polypropylene Fiber on the Working Performance and Mechanical Anisotropy of 3D Printing Concrete” (link)
• “Industrial Revolution 4.0 in the Construction Industry: Challenges and Opportunities” (link)
• “A Basic Study on the Manufacture of UHPC 3D stereoscopic panels using 3D Printer” (link)
• “Evaluation on Hydrophobicity of the Surface of Hardened Cement Paste Produced by PDMS Mold” (link)
• “Additive Manufacturing Materials” (link)
• “Development of rapid set mortar for additive manufacturing” (link)
• “Stress distributions in the textures of prefabricated pavement surface created with the assistance of 3D printing technology” (link)
• “One-Pot 3D Printing of Robust Multimaterial Devices” (link)
• “Mica filled polyetherketoneketones for material extrusion 3D printing” (link)
• “Investigation of the Structural and Thermal Behaviour of 3D Printed Concrete Walls” (link)
• “A practical model to predict the flow of water-powder mixes and its application to mix design of cementitious blends” (link)
• “Development of rapid set mortar for additive manufacturing” (link)

American Concrete Institute:

• “Rheological Response of Magnetorheological Cementitious Inks Tuned for Active Control in Digital Construction” (link)
• “Characterization of Tensile Behavior of Fresh Cementitious Materials” (link)
• “Rheological Characterization of Three-Dimensional-Printed Polymer Concrete” (link)
• “Use of Nanoclays and Methylcellulose to Tailor Rheology for Three-Dimensional Concrete Printing” (link)
• “Effect of Red Mud, Nanoclay, and Natural Fiber on Fresh and Rheological Properties of Three-Dimensional Concrete Printing” (link)
• “Three-Dimensional (3D)-Printed Wood-Starch Composite as Support Material for 3D Concrete Printing” (link)
• “Optimizing Three-Dimensional Printing Binder Composed of Ordinary Portland Cement and Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement with Retarders” (link)
• “Controlling Three-Dimensional-Printable Concrete with Vibration” (link)
• “Citric Acid Influence on Sprayable Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement-Engineered Cementitious Composites’ Fresh/ Hardened Properties” (link)
• “Limestone Calcined Clay Cement for Three-Dimensional- Printed Engineered Cementitious Composites” (link)
• “Computational Investigation of Concrete Pipe Flow: Critical Review” (link)
• “Effect of Particle Contact and High-Range Water-Reducing Admixture Adsorption on Rheology of Cement Paste” (link)
• “Flow Characterization of Three-Dimensional Printable Cementitious Pastes during Extrusion Using Capillary Rheometry” (link)
• “Determining Printable Zone of Three-Dimensional-Printable Mortar Using Flow Table Tests” (link)
• “Nanotechnology for Improved Three-Dimensional Concrete Printing Constructability” (link)

Books:

• “Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technology – Principles and Applications” By G.K. Awari, C.S. Thorat, Vishwjeet Ambade, D.P. Kothari (link)

Doctorate Thesis:

• “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS – 2020” (link)
• “COMPUTATIONAL AND EMPIRICAL MODELING OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES” (link) -by a fellow Greek Researcher, well done 🙂

MSc Theses:

• “Construction Techniques for Lowering Embodied GHGs: A Review of Prefabrication and 3D Printed Concrete Mix Designs” (link)
• “3D printing of bio-inspired, multimaterial structures to enhance stiffness and toughness” (link)
• “Development of the Russian construction industry in the context of transition to a digital economy” (link)

P.S. #1:

This article (ssh! secret/not included above 😀) is especially dedicated to Iakovos Giorgkensenis, mech tech God from the Northern Greeks (once hyggelig, always hyggelig <3)

P.S. #2: (disclaimer :D)

For those amongst us Brave enought (:-D) to reach the end of this post, please be advised: depending on the relevant parties’ feedback and receipt of this blog post series, from 2022 we might be shifting to a more “focus on one article/newsclipping at a time” approach… Any/all suggestions welcome 🙂 Another thought is to focus on one 3DCP Company at a time…. Only Time will tell; New Year hastily approaching 🙂

Dear All, please find below the latest update concerning our beloved Industry 😉

A more “digestible”/reader-friendly (focus on avoidance-of-TLDR mode on 😀) was followed in this circular. Furthermore, all links are grouped (as much as possible) thematically-related 😉

I. Related/selected news clippings collection:

1. “2 Companies Announce Plans to 3D Print Entire Texas Neighborhood” (link) –> “…if the project succeeds, it could eventually help alleviate chronic shortages of affordable housing in cities across the U.S.“
2. “The future of home building? 3D-printed homes coming to the USA” (link) –> “…can withstand extreme weather conditions and be produced leaving much less waste than traditional builds..“
3. “A pact towards 3D printing hemp based affordable housing” (link) –> “The companies will form a green box solution–a perfect trifecta of hemp processing, construction ink development and printing–that begins at the farm level creating jobs, training opportunities and innovation with the potential to change the world.“
4. “Black Buffalo 3D Announces Pact to 3D Print Plant-Based Affordable Housing” (link) –> “The group’s mission is to introduce a greener alternative to traditional building materials — used for infrastructure, housing, and commercial applications.“
5. “The First Park to be Built Using 3D Printing is in China” (link) –> “…is said to be composed of 50% sand that can be obtained locally, thus reducing the environmental footprint and transportation costs“
6. “This is the first public park printed in 3D” (link) –> “…the 2,000 pieces that they created to decorate this public park of more than 5,500 square meters, were printed in two and a half months, a fraction of the time that would have been necessary with bricklayers and conventional cement.“
7. “Purdue researchers test 3D concrete printing system as part of NSF-funded project” (link) –> “…conducting research into RCAM Technologies’ 3D-printed suction anchors to replace traditional anchors for offshore wind plants.“
8. “Offices completed in just 45 hours using 3-D printing technology” (link) –> “Laying down two parallel printing paths creates a hollow wall that is then backfilled with cast-in-place concrete as a load-bearing system. To create the outer wall, a second cavity is formed by printing another mortar path further outside the previous wall and filling this with thermal insulation material. The printed walls can be regarded as a kind of lost formwork system.”

II. Current scientific literature review (published papers):

1. “A review of printing strategies, sustainable cementitious materials and characterization methods in the context of extrusion-based 3D concrete printing” (link), Authors: Yu Chen, Shan He, Yidong Gan, Oğuzhan Çopuroğlu, Fred Veer, Erik Schlangen
   • Excerpt of notice/interest: “Compared to the very high/sufficiently stiff material, the material for set-on-demand printing exhibits exceptionally high fluidity during mixing, pumping, and extrusion processes, which may be more suitable for large-scale construction projects. However, the study of set-on-demand printing is still limited and requires further investigation.”
2. “The influence of interface on the structural stability in 3D concrete printing processes” (link), Authors: Xuanting Liu, Bohua Sun
   • Excerpt of notice/interest: “The numerical model presented in this paper can accuratelypredict the stability failure height of the printed structure, whichindicates that the layer interface is an important index that shouldbe used to evaluate the stability of a printed structure.“
3. “Effect of processing parameters on the printing quality of 3D printed composite cement-based materials” (link), Authors: Hongping Zhang, Jianhong Wang, Yaling Liu, Xiaoshuang Zhang, Zhiyi Zhao
   • Excerpt of notice/interest: “The printing speed determines the accuracy of the printing compo-nent size, and the printing line width has a great influence on the printing component size. In the case of certain fluidity, viscosity and nozzle diameter, the printing width decreases with increasing printing speed, and the optimal printing speed is 50 mm/s; The concrete requires advanced leveling at the initial stage of printing. The printing thickness of each layer is different in the leveling stage. After the leveling stage, the thickness of each layer remains at a certain value, which is basically the same as the height of the printing nozzle from the printing layer platform. Intermittent printing with a joint can improve the printing quality, but it easily causes stress concentration at the joint, and special treatment is required to improve the overall strength.“
4. “Investigation of the material mixtures and fiber addition for 3D concrete printing” (link), Authors: A Antoni, A Agraputra, D Teopilus, A H Sunaryo, M M Mulyadi, P Pudjisuryadi, J Chandra, D Hardjito
   • Excerpt of notice/interest: “There is an effect in the load direction on the compressive strength of the extruded concrete. The 3D printed concrete loaded parallel or perpendicular to its printing direction could have different compressive strengths. The bond between each layer, extrusion pressure from the subsequent layer, and the setting time of the mixture would play a significant role in controlling the compressive strength.“
5. “Creative Compensation (CC): Future of Jobs with Creative Works in 3D Printing” (link), Authors: Chen Liang, Nahyun Kwon, Jeeeun Kim
   • Excerpt of notice/interest: “Although there is a diverse gap between ideal compensation and the current status, it still shows a wide variety of socio-economic opportunities for designers.“
6. “Multi-material additive manufacturing in architecture and construction: A review” (link), Authors: Adam Pajonk, Alejandro Prieto, Ulrich Blum, Ulrich Knaack
   • Excerpt of notice/interest: “…initial projects and proof-of-concept models aim to mitigate the general challenges of the industry, such as high material consumption, limited adaptability of components to environmental changes and structural requirements, and an overload of complexity of the prevailing assembly and construction processes. From these projects, the potentials of creating functionally graded transitions, adjusting the material properties across the volume of an object, eliminating interfaces and enabling part-count reduction across different materials, and 4D Printing – programming material behaviour were identified and discussed using the respective examples. These potentials highlight opportunities for MMAM in the architecture and construction industry that can be further 954 developed and transferred to other use cases.“
7. “Interlayer Strength of 3D‐Printed Mortar Reinforced by Post-installed Reinforcement” (link), Authors: Jihun Park, Quang‐The Bui, Jungwoo Lee, Changbin Joh, In‐Hwan Yang
   • Excerpt of notice/interest: “The interlayer bonding strengths of 3D‐printed mortar with different curing conditions and reinforcement methods were investigated in this study.”
8. “Modeling and analysis of 3D-printed reinforced and prestressed concrete beams” (link), Authors: J Chandra, H Wibowo, D Wijaya, F O Purnomo, P Pudjisuryadi, A Antoni
   • Excerpt of notice/interest: “The constitutive law for conventional concrete can adequately be used to model 3D-printed RC and PC beams failing in flexure.“
9. “Thermal and Environmental Benefits of 3D Printing on Building Construction” (link), Authors: Luiz Rocha, Antonio Ferreira Miguel, Andreas Öchsner
   • Excerpt of notice/interest: “This work presents the most important advances in 3D printing in civil engineering, specifically, a critical review of the thermal and environmental benefits of 3D printing on building construction.“
10. “Classification of Robotic 3D Printers in the AEC Industry” (link), Authors: Ala Saif Eldin Sati, Bharadwaj R. K. Mantha, Saleh Abu Dabous, Borja García de Soto
    • Excerpt of notice/interest: “The developed classifications showed that the most used material in 3D printing in the AEC industry is cementitious. Although polymers are the most common material used in 3D printing in different industries, it is limited in AEC industry. The right parameters should be selected in order to determine the appropriate 3D printing robotic systems.“
11. (in chinese) “ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL PERFORMANCES OF CYLINDER IN 3D CONCRETE PRINTING PROCESSES” (link), Authors: LIU Xuanting, SUN Bohua
    • Excerpt of notice/interest: “The results of parameter model and finite element simulation were compared with the existing experiments, which verify that the proposed model can better predict the failure length and failure form of 3DCP cylinders, and provide a theoretical guidance for finding the optimal printing parameters set.“
12. “The Limitation and Application of geometric Buildings and Civil Structures” (link), Authors: Majid M. Kharnoob, Al hasan J. Hasan, Lana M. Sabti
    • Excerpt of notice/interest: “This invoice concerning trade opinions appears over associated according to the geometric QA concerning constructions then non-military constructions the usage about non-contact sensing technologies.“
13. “Is Your Construction Site Secure? A View From the Cybersecurity Perspective” (link), Authors: M. S. Sonkoram B. García de Soto
    • Excerpt of notice/interest: “…an implementation of a generic cybersecurity framework (i.e., the FICIC by NIST) that assesses the employed countermeasures against the construction-specific cyber threats was presented in this paper.“
14. “Residential Construction with a Focus on Evaluation of the Life Cycle of Buildings” (link), Authors: Eduard Hromada, Stanislav Vitasek, Jakub Holcman, Renata Schneiderova Heralova, Tomas Krulicky
    • Excerpt of notice/interest: “The paper investigated the potential role of LCC calculations in planning, construction, and operation phases of residential development projects. The paper tested the impact of five variants of heating and hot water preparation on life cycle costs (LCC). The LCC tool developed by the co-authors of this article was used for testing.“
15. “Exploring the potential of 3D Printing Construction to address housing issues for South Sudanese Refugees“, MSc Thesis (link), Author: Kyle O’Brien Quinn
    • Excerpt of notice/interest: “If the development of 3D printing reaches the point to where it can become accessible to these hard-to-reach areas and provides enough benefits to supplement the traditional forms of vernacular construction, it has the potential to affect positive change in these areas much like the smartphone has.“

Kind regards; everybody remain calm & 3D print 🙂

Wishes from the post’s start for a pleasant & restful weekend.

Current scientific literature review sorted by:

A. Published papers:

1. “Digital fabrication of eco-friendly ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concrete” (link), Authors: Arun R. Arunothayan, Behzad Nematollahi, Ravi Ranade, Kamal H. Khayat, Jay G. Sanjayan
   • Selected quote/point of interest: “The rheological flow curves of the G-UHPFRC mixtures were non-linear and followed the Hershel-Buckley model. When OPC was partially replaced by SCMs, the yield stress and viscosity were reduced, and the structural build-up rate was lower. Plastic collapses were observed in S0F60 and S30F30 mixtures when a relatively high print speed was employed (80 mm/s). Nevertheless, all mixtures performed sufficiently well when the print speed was 30 mm/s.“
2. “Design of novel nozzles for higher interlayer strength of 3D printed cement paste” (link), Authors: Lewei He, Jolyn Ze Mei Tan, Wai Tuck Chow, Hua Li, Jiahui Pan
   • Selected quote/point of interest: “The present nozzle optimization also extends to another supplementary paste formula with higher water-cement ratio equal to about 0.23. It is found that the “Kidney” shape achieves the interlayer strength of 2.25 MPa and becomes the optimized outlet design subject to this paste formula, and the “Cir4″ nozzle becomes superior to the “Cir3″ nozzle due to smaller notch depth that is printed. Moreover, the notch depth by the nozzles with the side trowel is further reduced by the higher water-cement ratio of paste, such that the produced interlayer strength is 3.88 MPa, comparable to that generated with the treatment by removing the interlayer notch.“
3. “Mechanical and microstructural properties of 3D printable concrete in the context of the twin-pipe pumping strategy” (link), Authors: Yaxin Tao, A.V. Rahul, Karel Lesage, Kim Van Tittelboom, Yong Yuan, Geert De Schutter
   • Selected quote/point of interest: “Fig. 20. Ion migration between the striations of PC-based mixture and LP-based mixture” (believe me, it is worth noticing this specific Figure…!)
4. “Multi-objective optimization of 3D printed shell toolpaths” (link), Authors: Alexander CURTH, Tim BRODESSER, Lawrence SASS, Caitlin MUELLER
   • Selected quote/point of interest:  “Establishing standardized testing procedures for less engineered materials, such as local soil mixtures, would allow for more accurate simulation of truly low embodied carbon materials for construction scale printing.”
5. “Modeling the robotics implementation barriers for construction projects in developing countries” (link), Authors: Ayodeji Emmanuel Oke, Ahmed Farouk Kineber, Ibraheem Albukhari, Adeyemi James Dada
   • Selected quote/point of interest: “The findings obtained from this study showed that construction professionals exhibited a considerable level of knowledge regarding the adoption of robotics. However, the practical application of robotics in the construction industry was still deficient.”
6. “Additive Manufacturing of Sustainable Construction Materials and Form-finding Structures: A Review on Recent Progresses” (link), Authors: Junli Liu, Vuong Nguyen-Van, Biranchi Panda, Kate Fox, Anton du Plessis, Phuong Tran
   • Selected quote/point of interest: “The fresh and hardened mechanical properties of various sustainable materials for extrusion-based 3D printing are presented, followed by discussions on different topology optimization techniques. The current state of global research and industrial applications in 3DCP, along with the development of sustainable construction materials, is also summarized.“
7. “Additive Manufacturing of Sustainable Construction Materials and Form-finding Structures: A Review on Recent Progresses” (link), Authors: Junli Liu, Vuong Nguyen-Van, Biranchi Panda, Kate Fox, Anton du Plessis, Phuong Tran
   • Selected quote/point of interest: “The current state of global research and industrial applications in 3DCP, along with the development of sustainable construction materials, is also summarized.“
8. “Dimensional Stability of 3D Printed Objects Made from Plastic Waste Using FDM: Potential Construction Applications” (link), Authors: Essam Zaneldin, Waleed Ahmed, Aya Mansour, Amged El Hassan
   • Selected quote/point of interest: “The study also concluded that 3D printed material from plastic waste is considered a feasible alternative for several traditional construction elements, such as lightweight concrete hollow blocks, ultra-lightweight concrete hollow blocks, and lightweight concrete bricks, since they are less expensive and have higher compressive strength. The cost per square meter of 3D printed objects is around 41% less than that of the traditional lightweight concrete bricks with a higher compressive strength.“
9. “Mechanical evaluations of bioinspired TPMS cellular cementitious structures manufactured by 3D printing formwork” (link), Author: Vuong Nguyen-Van
   • Selected quote/point of interest:  “This study indicates that the mechanical performance of the TPMS (Primitive and Gyroid) and lattice blocks from the experiment show great agreement with that predicted by the FE analysis.“
10. “Effect of accelerated curing and layer deformations on structural failure during extrusion-based 3D printing” (link), Author: A.S.J.Suiker
    • Selected quote/point of interest: “Recent experimental research indicates that the buildability of fresh concrete used in extrusion-based 3D printing processes can be significantly enhanced by chemically accelerating the curing process. In the present contribution the effect of accelerated curing on failure by plastic collapse and elastic buckling during 3D concrete printing is explored by incorporating a power-law curing function in the parametric 3D printing model.“
11. “A Compact ESPI System for Measuring 3D Displacements” (link), Authors: F. Zanini Broetto, G. S. Schajer
    • Selected quote/point of interest: “The novel ESPI interferometer presented here can measure full-field surface displacements in three dimensions.”
12. “THE IMPACT OF BIM IMPLEMENTATION ON THE CULTURE AND PROCESSES OF A CONSTRUCTION COMPANY” (link), Author: V. Nyvlt
    • Selected quote/point of interest: “The pressure on workers at the lowest income level will increase, as technological changes will affect their employability more than at higher income categories.”
13. “USING IMMERSIVE VIDEO TECHNOLOGY FOR CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT CONTENT DELIVERY: A PILOT STUDY” (link), Authors: Alireza Shojaei, Saeed Rokooei, Amirsaman Mahdavian, Lee Carson, George Ford
14. “Sustainable binders for the creation of a dredge-based tile” (MSc Thesis)(link), Author: Otger Spinnewijn
15. “High-performance strain-hardening cementitious composites with tensile strain capacity exceeding 4%: A review” (link), Authors: Doo-Yeol Yoo, Nemkumar Banthia
    • Selected quote/point of interest: “SHCCs have high potential as materials for 3D building construction. However, most of the previous studies have been conducted based on ordinary SHCC materials, such as ECC, ultra-high-ductility concrete with normal compressive strength of 38.8 MPa, and high-strength FRCCs. Therefore, further research on the development of 3D-printable high-performance SHCCs with over 55 MPa compressive strength and 4% strain capacity is required.”
16. “A Multi(two)-Nozzle Cable-Driven Parallel Robot For 3D Printing Building Construction: Path Optimization and Vibration Analysis” (link), Authors: Sy Nguyen-Van, Kwan-Woong Gwak
    • Selected quote/point of interest: “To investigate the vibration of the two-nozzle CDPR, its natural frequencies were computed by using the finite element method and its results were verified with a comparison with the commercial software results. Through natural frequency analysis, it was found that the higher stiffness or the higher natural frequencies could be achieved by increasing the minimum cable tension constraint used in the tension distribution optimization algorithm. It is also revealed that the natural frequency goes up as the printing head moves up towards the top center of the workspace.”
17. “Dimensional Stability of 3D Printed Objects Made from Plastic Waste Using FDM: Potential Construction Applications” (link), Authors: Essam Zaneldin, Waleed Ahmed, Aya Mansour, Amged El Hassan
18. “AutoCIS: An Automated Construction Inspection System for Quality Inspection of Buildings” (link), Authors: S. A. Prieto, N. Giakoumidis, B. García de Soto
    • Selected quote/point of interest: “This study presents the preliminary work done to develop the AutoCIS, an automated construction inspection system consisting of a multi-robot approach for autonomous quality assessment and progress monitoring during the construction stage.”
19. “3DP-FAS: An Intelligent Quality Assurance System for 3D Printer” (link), Authors: Basil C. Sunny, Shajulin Benedict, Keerthana B.
    • Selected quote/point of interest: “This paper proposes a new architecture named 3DPFAS, for detecting failures as well as assuring the quality of 3D printing. This architecture is built upon the IoT-3DP ecology of remote 3D printers connected through the internet, camera modules and Web APIs.“
20. “Environmental Footprint and Economics of a Full-Scale 3D-Printed House” (link), Authors: Hadeer Abdalla, Kazi Parvez Fattah, Mohamed Abdallah, Adil K. Tamimi
    • Selected quote/point of interest: “The eco-efficiency analysis revealed that 3D printing was the optimum choice.“
21. “Early-age creep behaviour of 3D printable mortars: Experimental characterisation and analytical modelling” (link), Authors: Laura Esposito, Lorenzo Casagrande, Costantino Menna, Domenico Asprone, Ferdinando Auricchio
    • Selected quote/point of interest: “Further developments should be made to consider the variability in mix composition and correlated material curing properties. The diversification in 3D concrete printing technologies (e.g., building rates, time gap, pressure during extrusion, nozzle characteristics) has to be considered in future research: the fabrication of full-scale 3D concrete printed objects, equipping setup with optic measurement tools to improve the accuracy of the results, should provide data useful to validate the employment of the Burgers’ model and the early-age creep quantification.“
22. “In-situ embedded PZT sensor for monitoring 3D concrete printing: application in alkali-activated fly ash-slag geopolymers” (link), Authors: Amarteja Kocherla, Tippabhotla A. Kamakshi, Kolluru V. L. Subramaniam
    • Selected quote/point of interest: “Both build-up of the internal structure within the material and self-weight of the layers produce a drop in the peak conductance of the resonant peak; they produce counteracting effects on resonance frequency.“
23. (in korean) “Flame Retardant Properties of Polymer Cement Mortar Mixed with Light-weight Materials for 3D Printing” (link), Authors: Bae-Geun Son, Hun Song
    • Selected quote/point of interest: “From the test result, the test specimen using silica sand and light-weight aggregate showed good flame resistance performance, and if the EVA redispersible polymer powder is applied below 5%, it shows good flame resistance performance.“
24. (in korean) “Strength Characteristics in 3D-printed Concrete with Interlayer Reinforcements” (link), Authors: Jung Woo Lee, Ji-Hun Park, The Quang Bui, ⋅Changbin Jo, In-Hwan Yang
    • Selected quote/point of interest: “Interlayer bonding strength of printed concrete decreased after air curing treatment was applied because interlayers of printed concrete with more pores formed by the air cu ring conditions are more vulnerable to the load.“

B. Related/selected news clippings collection:

1. PERI
   • “PERI and STRABAG to Build Europe’s Largest 3D Printed Office Space with a COBOD 3D Printer” (link)
   • “PERI and STRABAG print first building in Austria” (link 1) (link 2)
   • “PERI AND WASP UNVEIL BREAKTHROUGH 3D PRINTED BUILDINGS IN AUSTRIA AND DUBAI” (link)
2. COBOD:
   • “New 3D printed houses in the United States using COBOD printers” (link)
   • “COBOD CLIENTS 3D PRINT THREE U.S. HOMES IN BID TO START TACKLING AFFORDABLE HOUSING CRISIS” (link)
3. ICON
   • “World’s largest 3D-printed neighbourhood to come up in Texas” (link)
   • “World’s largest community of 3D-printed homes unfolds in Austin” (link)
   • “World’s largest 3D-printed neighborhood to break ground in Texas” (link)
   • “Building with 3D printers may hold promise for affordable housing” (link)
   • “World’s Largest 3-D Home Community Set For 2022 In Austin” (link)
   • “World’s largest 3D-printed neighborhood comes to Texas” (link)
   • “ICON to build world’s largest community of 3D-printed houses” (link)
   • “ICON, Lennar partner on largest 3D-printed community” (link)
   • “BIG and ICON to create world’s “largest neighbourhood” of 3D-printed homes” (link)
4. Coral Reefs 🙂
   • “Scientists Have Created A New Technique To Regrow Damaged Coral Reefs Using 3D Printing” (link)
   • “3D PRINTED MYCELIUM REEFS SEEK TO IMPROVE URBAN BIODIVERSITY” (link)
   • “Study Explores Use of 3D Printing to Speed Up Coral Restoration” (link)
   • “3D Printing Method Improves Reef Restoration” (link)
   • “3D printing to support coral reef growth” (link)
   • “Providing 3D-printed structures to help coral reefs recover faster” (link)
   • “3D printing may hold the key to saving the world’s coral reefs” (link)
   • “3D-printed coral skeletons kickstarts reef recovery” (link)
5. (podcast) “Season 2 Episode 10: Building a New Way of Living – 3D Construction Printing” (link)
6. “PERI AND WASP UNVEIL BREAKTHROUGH 3D PRINTED BUILDINGS IN AUSTRIA AND DUBAI” (link)
7. “Construction On 3D House Closer To Being Finished” (link)
8. “Builder of World’s First 3D-Printed Park Launches Revolutionary 3D Construction Robotic Company in U.S.” (link)
9. “First 3D printed building in Austria opens the possibilities for new architecture” (link)
10. “What’s in a futuristic house? 3D printing, automation, among many others” (link)
11. “3-D-PRINTED BRIDGES PROMISE SMARTER, GREENER TRANSIT LINKS” (link)
12. “Building with 3D printers may hold promise for affordable housing” (link)
13. “Top Construction 3D Printing Companies in the World” (link)
14. “3D Concrete Contractor Alquist Partners with Black Buffalo 3D” (link)
15. “Robots 3D print park benches, flower beds and sculptures in world first” (link)
16. “3DStartup: From Vases to Facades—Concrete 3D On the Many Possibilities for 3D Printing With Concrete” (link)
17. “MX3D Unveils its 3D Printed Pipeline Clamp for the Oil & Gas Industry” (link)
18. “3d-Printing Houses and Coral Reefs with Sustainable Concrete Addresses Both Housing Crisis & Climate” (link)
19. “Large scale 3d printed concrete in Gonic, NH–houses, coral, fine art…” (link)
20. “Protecting Crew and Surface Systems with a Long-Duration Lunar Safe Haven” (link)
21. “Overview of NASA’s Moon-to-Mars Planetary Autonomous Construction Technology (MMPACT)” (link)
22. “Top 5 Videos: 3D Printing With Neil Patrick Harris” (link)
23. “Training the key to future success of 3D printing in construction” (link)
24. “Rain Catcher 3D-Printed House Is Self-Sufficient, Makes the Most of Nature’s Resources” (link)
25. “Dubai achieves world record for first 3D-printed laboratory” (link)
26. “IIT-M startup Tvasta: India’s first 3D-printed house” (link)

Kind regards; stay 3Dposted 🙂

Wishes for a pleasant start of the week, Monday’s study material coming up 😉 Wishes for a Productive Week!

Current scientific literature review sorted by:

A. Published papers:

1. “Presentation of a concrete additive manufacturing extruder with online rheology modification capabilities” (link), Authors: L. Poudelet, A. Castellví, L. Calvo, R. Cardona, R. Uceda, F. Fenollosa
   • Selected quote/point of interest: “Thanks to every partner of the HINDCON project and special thanks to Phd José Antonio Tenorio Ríos (CSIC) and Phd Hélène Lombois-Burger(Lafarge). The results are obtained from the HINDCON project (H2020 under GA 723611).”
2. “On rheology of mortar with recycled fine aggregate for 3D printing” (link, news clip), Authors: Shuai Zou, Jianzhuang Xiao, Zhenhua Duan, Tao Ding, Shaodan Hou
   • Selected quote/point of interest: “Since high-rate shearing were found to highly decrease the mentioned rheological parameters of 3DP mixtures, a feeding system which can provide high-rate and continuous shearing was recommended in practical printing to prolong the open time of printing mixtures.”
3. “Additive manufacturing of clay and ceramic building components” (link), Authors: Alexander Wolf, Philipp Laurens, Rosendahl, Ulrich Knaack
   • Selected quote/point of interest: “Also noticeable in chapter 5.1 is the complete absence of highly specialized components with the dimensions of classic bricks. By developing such, it could be possible to integrate functions like conduit management into monolithic walls, which could be sort of an evolution to A9.”
4. “Additive manufacturing: recent trends, applications and future outlooks” (link), Authors: Manu Srivastava, Sandeep Rathee
   • Selected quote/point of interest: “This article exhaustively reviews the various AM applications in different sectors such as aerospace, repair, automobile, healthcare, retail, etc. and is aimed to provide the readers a deep insight into the probable unexplored areas through an extensive literature analysis.”
5. “Robotics technologies aided for 3D printing in construction: a review” (link), Authors: Zhen Xu, Tao Song, Shuai Guo, Jiangtao Peng, Lingdong Zeng, Mengmeng Zhu
   • Selected quote/point of interest: “Therefore, the future research will deeply integrate the mobile robotics with the printing processes, building materials, and construction environments, which can truly realize a green and sustainable building construction and digital transformation.”
6. “3D printing large scale curbed forms using heat formed coral reef tiles” (link), Authors: Marko D Jovanović, Marko P Vučić, Radovan B Štulić, Maja Petrovic
   • Selected quote/point of interest: “The use of coral reef dynamic optimization process and state recording of the shapes proved to be an excellent manner of generating a volume that has an organic looking transition, but with random fuses of cantilevering parts, removing them completely or mitigating their influence significantly.”
7. “Shaking Table Test of a Friction Sliding System on a Concrete Member with Variable Curvature Fabricated by a Three-dimensional Printer” (link), Miguel B. Brito, Mitsuyoshi Akiyama,Tetsuta Seto, Riki HondaO, Naomitsu Ishigaki
   • Selected quote/point of interest: “The proposed friction pendulum sliding system for bridge structures provides a low-cost design solution that can ensure post-event operability.”
8. “Developments in 3D Printable Composite Material” (link), Authors: Senthil Kumar, Gundluru Mahammad Wahab, Lekkala Yuva Srinivas, Aumalasetty Jaswanth, Guddeti Rama Thulasi Reddy
   • Selected quote/point of interest: “The interlayer bond strength between successive filament layers with and without nanoparticle addition is determined by the help of 4-point bending test. This is a crucial test for 3DPC, as the interlayer bond strength is typically weaker than the concrete itself. Adequate rheology can result in filament layers were merged in order to form a homogenous concrete section and it leads to resulting in stronger structures without weak interlayer bonds.”
9. “Research on desktop 3D Printing Multi-Material New Concepts” (link), Authors: F Fenollosa, R Uceda, A Tejo, L Calvo, L Poudelet, I Buj
   • Selected quote/point of interest: “Revolver print-head: suitable solution if the multi-materiality is limited to filaments, using up to five different materials. It is considered impossible to combine FFF (filaments) and DIW (liquids) print-heads in a single rotating structure.”
10. “Comparison of multi-axis printing strategies effects on large-scale 3D printed surface quality” (link), Authors: Martin Krčma, David Paloušek
    • Selected quote/point of interest: “Τhe combination of nonplanar trajectories and multi axis motion brings real expansion of capabilities for large scale FDM style printing. When printing large scale objects with large nozzle sizes, single line walls are often all that is necessary to achieve desired structural performance and this, combined with the limited ability of screw extruders to perform retractions, leads to the vase mode printing being a very suitable choice. Using this methods, stable wall thickness and large overhang angles of at least 75° are achievable and quality of single walled objects is increased in regards to surface roughness at overhang angles over 15° and mechanical strength, with 20% loss of maximum average delamination force for 5-axis nonplanar trajectory at 45° compared to 50% loss for 3-axis planar trajectory.”
11. “Systematic analysis of additive manufacturing for printing on semi-finished parts” (link), Authors: M Kizak1, A Matschinski, K Drechsler
    • Selected quote/point of interest: “The complied approach enables the manufacturing of hybrid components consisting of semi-finished parts with a complex surface geometry and printed segments.”
12. “Geometrically modified auxetic polyurethane foams and their potential application in impact mitigation of masonry structures” (link), Authors: Mohammad Asad, Tatheer Zahra, David P.Thambiratnam, Tommy H.T. Chan, Yan Zhuge
    • Selected quote/point of interest: “Unreinforced masonry structures constructed along busy road have been vulnerable to vehicular impacts with damage to property and harm to the occupants of both the building and vehicle. This paper investigated the design and insertion of various forms of geometrically modified auxetic foam structures inside the hollow cores of block masonry walls for mitigating the adverse effects of such impacts.”

B. Books (ahem, Book -one-) 🙂

1. “Re-skilling Human Resources for Construction 4.0“ (link, link)
   • [ISBN: 978-3-030-85972-5] “Explores the technologies of Construction 4.0 such as BIM, robotics, 3D printing and drones. Enables stakeholders to develop the skills needed for construction 4.0, especially in developing countries. Demonstrates that Industry 4.0 has transformed the construction industry with smart and sustainable technologies.”

C. Dissertations / Theses 🙂

1. “Does 3D printing have a future in the construction industry and could it be a disruptive technology?” (link)
   • “The end consumer will probably adopt a 3D printed house one day. However, the day when individuals will have a 3D printer to build their own house is not in the near future.”
2. “3D Printer Integrated with emerging technologies” (link)
3. “3D Printed Concrete Block with Steel Reinforcements” (link)

D. Company_sorted-wise (in alphabetical order):

COBOD

• “COBOD Customers Build Three New 3D Printed Houses in the US” (link)
• “3 new AM houses being completed in the US by COBOD customers” (link)

HOLCIM:

• “Holcim partners with shelter organizations” (link)

ICON:

• “How Much Do 3D-Printed Homes Cost?” (link)
• “Lennar To Build World’s Largest Neighborhood Of 3D-Printed Homes With ICON” (link)
• “ICON teams up with Lennar for 100-home 3D printed community” (link)
• “3D-printed houses poised to go mainstream” (link)
• “Homebuilder hopes 3D printing will solve worker shortages, tests tech in 100 homes” (link)
• “3-D Printed Houses Are Sprouting Near Austin as Demand for Homes Grows” (link)
• “3-D printed houses popping up around Austin, Texas amid surging demand” (link)
• “A neighborhood of 100 3D-printed homes is coming to Austin in 2022” (link)
• “Skilled Tradesmen Are A Dying Breed’: Companies Team Up To Build 100 3D Printed Homes Amid Supply Chain Shortages” (link)
• “3D-printed homes are emerging near Austin as housing demand grows” (link)
• “ICON to build largest ever neighborhood of 3D printed homes in Austin” (link)
• “Texas startup building largest 3D printed home communicty in US” (link)
• “ICON’s 3D Printing Construction Technology to Build 100 New Homes in Texas” (link)
• “U.S. to Have the Largest Neighborhood of 3D-Printed Homes, Construction Starts in 2022” (link)
• “BIG and ICON team up once again on a 3D-printed hundred-home design for Texas’ rapidly changing state capital” (link)
• “ICON Just Unveiled Plans for a Massive Neighborhood of 3D-Printed Homes in Austin, Texas” (link)

E. Related/selected news clippings collection:

1. “3D-printed houses poised to go mainstream” (link)
2. “What role will 3D printing play in the construction industry?” (link)
3. “MAA’VA aspires to help create safe havens for the homeless with its 3D printable eco-concrete” (link)
4. “Concrete printing trialled on HS2 can turn construction into a manufacturing process” (link)
5. “3-D Printed Houses: Myth or Reality?” (link)
6. “Additive Manufacturing – Everything You Need to Know” (link)
7. “QUT designs 3D-printed product to protect buildings from impact damage” (link)
8. “Sectoral Policies to Drive Productivity Growth” (link)
9. “Coalition Explores The Future Of Alternative Housing In Nome” (link)

F. Very interesting prospects… (personal choice/suggestions):

1. “Innovation Strategy of 3D Printing in Industrial Design Based on Vision Sensor” (link)
   • Selected quote/point of interest: “Based on the related theory of vision sensor 3D printing, this paper studies the application of 3D printing technology in industrial product design and direct manufacturing, proposes a free design method for 3D printing, carries out innovation and free design of mechanical parts structure, and verifies the feasibility of processing.”
2. “Achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions in the cement industry via value chain mitigation strategies” (link)
   • Selected quote/point of interest: “Current 3D printing applications are unfortunately utilized predominately for esthetics and usually would consume more cement than a conventional concrete structure. More work is clearly needed to verify beneficial designs.”
3. “Challenges in the microwave heating of lunar regolith – analysis through the design of a Microwave Heating Demonstrator (MHD) payload” (link)
   • Selected quote/point of interest: “This paper discusses some non-negligible phenomena during the microwave heating of lunar regolith, which need to be considered for future mission applications.”
4. “The Newtonian gravity of irregular shapes using STL files and 3D printing” (link)
   • Selected quote/point of interest: “A deep understanding of the link between the gravity and the shape is quite important to interpret some basic facts of nature. In this paper, we show how simple concepts can be used to create a more general algorithm that has been implemented in matlab to compute the gravity of irregular bodies.”
5. “Design and construction of a test bench for the manufacture and on-machine non-contact inspection of parts obtained by Fused Filament Fabriction” (link)
   • Selected quote/point of interest: “The test bench is provided with independent controllers for both the 3D printing and the inspection subsystems, but also with a top level control software that enables a coordinated working of both subsystems to make it possible to digitize a layer after being deposited and to continue then producing the part. Robustness and accessibility were some constructive criteria but also the use of technology similar to that of a commercial FFF 3D printer.”

You’ve made it to the End; hoorah! hat-off.. until the next time 😉

Stay 3Dposted!

Served below are tidbits of Knowledge & relevant (useful!) news; let’s see how this plays out 🙂

Wishes for a Pleasant & Productive Week!

A. Current scientific literature review:

1. “Influence of phase change material on concrete behavior for construction 3D printing“, Authors: Qamar Shahzad, Junyi Shen, Rabia Naseem, Yonggang Yao, Saad Waqar, Wenqiang Liu (link)
   • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> justified/proven cost-effectiveness of optimized material when used for the C3DP process.
2. “Bending behaviour of steel cable reinforced 3D printed concrete in the direction perpendicular to the interfaces“, Authors: Jianzhuang Xiao, Zixuan Chen, Tao Ding, Shuai Zou (link)
   • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> The reinforcement method proposed in this study greatly improved the bending behaviour of 3DPC specimens in the direction perpendicular to the interfaces.
3. “Shear-thickening behavior of sustainable cement paste — Controlling physical parameters of new sources of supplementary cementitious materials“, Authors: Houssam Kemer, Rachid Bouras, Noureddine Mesboua, Mohammed Sonebi, Oliver Kinnane (link)
   • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> …. three main contributions: (i) Based on the win–win concept, low evolution on shear thickening (n = 1.31 max) of sustainable cement pastes based new sources of SCMs (CD and CB) has been registered compared to previous researches under same conditions, with addition of the environmental impact including its carbon footprint reduction without forgetting less energy associated with proposed SCMs production; (ii) The ability to correlate the physical parameters of SCMs and SP type with shear-thickening intensity; (iii) a significant information and data for optimal concrete design and their application.
4. “Expansive cementitious materials to improve micro-cable reinforcement bond in 3D concrete printing“, Authors: Zhijian Li, Guowei Ma, Fang Wang, Li Wang, Jay Sanjayan (link)
   • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> …. this study pioneers a technique to simultaneously include a liquid agent and a solid reinforcement into concrete filaments during the 3D printing process. It paves a new route for multi-deposition in 3D concrete printing.
5. “3D printable concrete with natural and recycled coarse aggregates: Rheological, mechanical and shrinkage behaviour“, Authors: A.V. Rahul, Manu K. Mohan, Geert De Schutter, Kim Van Tittelboom (link)
   • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> …. coarse aggregates can be successfully utilized in printable concrete formulations to achieve economic benefits and improve shrinkage cracking resistance. For lower replacement levels (30 vol % considered in the current study), the use of recycled aggregates can be a good alternative to using natural aggregates without causing a significant reduction in mechanical properties.
6. “Fresh and hardened properties of 3D printable polymer fibre-reinforced high-performance cementitious composite“, Authors: Luong Pham, Biranchi Panda, Phuong Tran (link)
   • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> …. The presence of fibre with relatively small volume fraction (0.2%) leads to a noticeable increase in yield stress, flow loss and green strength.
7. “Mechanical anisotropy of ultra-high performance fibre-reinforced concrete for 3D printing“, Authors: Yekai Yang, Chengqing Wu, Zhongxian Liu, Hailiang Wang, Quanchang Ren (link)
   • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> … the effect of steel fibre content and length, preparation method, and loading direction on the mechanical properties of 3DP-UHPFRC was evaluated through the compressive, flexural, splitting tensile, and uniaxial tensile tests, and the anisotropy of 3DP-UHPFRC was analysed.
8. “3-D Printer Robot for Civil Construction: A Bond Graph Approach“, Authors: V. Khandelwal, V. Bhatia, V. Dogra, S. Sharma, V. Chhabra, R. Singh, D. Kumar, T. K. Bera (link)
   • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> … Three lead screws will provide the movement in the vertical as well as in horizontal directions and a nozzle connected to the horizontal lead screw will be used for pouring the construction-material layer by layer. Thereafter, structural analysis using Finite Element Method (FEM) has been done on critical parts like lead screw and top plate. Bond graphs for buggy and overall lead screw system have also been used to analyze the response of the system.
9. “DFAB HOUSE: implications of a building-scale demonstrator for adoption of digital fabrication in AEC“, Authors: Konrad Graser, Aniko Kahlert, Daniel M. Hall (link)
   • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> … Using Qualitative Content Analysis, we provide an overview of the challenges to consider and the strategies available to successfully adopt DFAB technologies in construction projects, establishing a socio-technical framework for DFAB adoption in AEC projects.
10. “Statistical analysis of sustainable geopolymer concrete“, Authors: Y.S.N. Kishore, Sai Geeta Devi, Nadimpalli, Ashish Kumar Potnuru, Jayaprakash Vemuri, Mohd Ataullah Khan (link)
    • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> … Due to the alkaline activators’ sticky nature leading to an improved bond strength, geopolymer cements have attracted extrusion-based concrete 3D printing industry and also an increased paste to aggregate bond strength is observed in geopolymer based concrete.
11. “A study on thermal behaviour of a 3D printer and extruded material with thermal imaging method“, Authors: Serdar Arhan, Semih Yilmaz, Kerim Deniz Kaya, Kubilay Bayramoglu (link)
    • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> … thermal behaviour and temperature distribution between printed deposition material, printing platform and 3D printing components are obtained concerning time.
12. “Large Particle 3D Concrete Printing—A Green and Viable Solution“, Authors: Inka Mai ,Leon Brohmann, Niklas Freund, Stefan Gantner, Harald Kloft, Dirk Lowke, Norman Hack (link)
    • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> … the surface finishing of the edges using subtractive milling allows for the production of precise visual and functional surfaces, and offers a good contrast to the otherwise rough surfaces delivered with the LP3DCP process.
13. “Application of 3D Printing Technology in the Mechanical Testing of Complex Structural Rock Masses“, Authors: Yingjie Xia, Qingkun Meng, Chuanqing Zhang, Ning Liu, Zhenxing Zhao, Jun Chen, Gao Yang (link)
    • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> … Due to the size effect of rock masses and anisotropic characteristics of the 3D printed specimens, it is necessary for the 3D printers to have high precision, be able to print large specimens, be suitable for long-term printing, and have the capability to print using different types of materials.
14. “Mobile 3D Printing Robot Simulation with Viscoelastic Fluids“, Authors: Uljad Berdica, Yuewei Fu, Yuchen Liu, Emmanouil Angelidis, Chen Feng (link)
    • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> … This new approach to simulation solves the computationally costly bottlenecks of mesh-based simulation by adding an external meshing module which lets the user choose the implicit surface generation method and the resolution.
15. “Incorporation of Phase Change Materials and Application of 3D Printing Technology in the Geopolymer Development“, Author: Ahmed Nmiri (link)
    • Chapter in “Advances in Geopolymer-Zeolite Composites – Synthesis and Characterization“
16. “Fresh properties of 3D printed mortar with recycled powder“, Authors: Shaodan Hou, Jianzhuang Xiao, Zhenhua Duan, Guowei Ma (link)
    • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> … The flowability, open time, penetration resistance stress, mechanical properties, hydration heat, extrudability and buildability of fresh 3DPM have been intensively studied.
17. “Rheology of fresh cement pastes modified with nanoclay-coated cements“, Authors: AlaEddin Douba, Siwei Ma, Shiho Kawashima (link)
    • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> … NC increases C–S–H growth and potentially surface-based C–S–H nucleation, which corresponds to increased rigidification and stiffness. The effect of NC on static yield stress, storage modulus and its storage modulus evolution can lead to high buildability and shape stability for 3DCP.
18. “Advanced honeycomb designs for improving mechanical properties: A review“, Authors: Chang Qi, Feng Jiang, Shu Yang (link)
    • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> … The novel honeycombs with advanced designs have high stiffness, strength and energy absorption, low mass density, and large range of Poisson’s ratio under different load conditions.
19. “A review on the energy absorption response and structural applications of auxetic structures“, Authors: Matheus Brendon Francisco, João Luiz Junho Pereira, Guilherme Antônio Oliver, Lucas Ramon Roque da Silva, Sebastião Simões Cunha Jr, Guilherme Ferreira Gomes (link)
    • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> … This manuscript has more than 150 papers as a reference about energy absorption of auxetic structures and shows how several authors have approached the subject and how research in this field has progressed.
20. “Hierarchical alignment of 3D print with tool path based on microstructure“, Authors: Yifan Yang, Yutaka Ohtake, Tatsuya Yatagawa, Hiromasa Suzuki (link)
    • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> … The proposed method first estimates the build direction and then aligns the 3D print with the tool path along the build direction. Finally, each layer of the 3D print is aligned with its corresponding layer of the tool path in the horizontal direction. The alignment result can be confirmed through the slice view.
21. “Effect of vibratory mixing on the slump, compressive strength, and density of concrete with the different mix proportions“, Authors: Kaiyin Zhao, Lijun Zhao, Jinru Hou, Xiaobo Zhang, Zhongxu Feng, Shimin Yang (link)
    • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> … The dispersion of vibration mixing on the cement particles increased the workability, uniformity, and density without decreasing the compressive strength of concrete. The effect of vibratory mixing is more significant for the slump of concrete with a high w/c ratio and compressive strength of concrete with a low w/c ratio.
22. “Mechanisms and Mechanics of Bonding in 3D Printed Materials Systems based on Traditional Mould Materials“, Authors: Solaman B. Selvaraj, Sarat Singamneni (link)
    • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> … There is a notable deviation could be observed comparing the compressive strength at three different states.
23. “Advanced 3D Textile Applications for the Building Envelope“, Authors: Claudia Lüling, Petra Rucker-Gramm, Agnes Weilandt, Johanna Beuscher, Dominik Nagel, Jens Schneider, Andreas Maier, Hans-Jürgen Bauder, Timo Weimer (link)
    • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> … Frankfurt UAS’s projects demonstrate new options for sustainable, lightweight and highly functional building elements for the future.
24. “Promising Sustainable Models Toward Water, Air, and Solid Sustainable Management in the View of SDGs“, Authors: Islam A. Abdelhafeez, Seeram Ramakrishna (link)
    • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> … In line with the view of the 2030 SDGs, we proposed some sustainable models that provide strategic solutions to keep up the energy demand and prevent environmental damage.
25. “Acoustic Emission Monitoring of the Powder Bed Fusion Process with Machine learning“, MSc Thesis, by Mohammad Ghayoomi Mohammadi (link)
    • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> … this thesis suggested multiple machine learning algorithms for pattern recognition and classification with the goal of defect detection, such as detecting cracks and porosities.
26. “3D Printing in the Context of Cloud Manufacturing“, Authors: Jin Cui, Lei Ren, Jingeng Mai, Pai Zheng, Lin Zhang (link)
    • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> … The research will provide a valuable theoretical and practical reference to the future development and deployment of 3D printing clouds, and promote a novel 3D printing business model in a service-oriented manner to achieve mass customization in Industry 4.0.
27. “Digital Technology in Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) Industry: Research trend and Practical Status towards Construction 4.0“, Authors: Kaiyang Wang, Fangyu Guo, Cheng Zhang, Jianli Hao, Dirk Schaefer (link)
    • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> … In this study, multiple databases were utilized to identify 65 technologies applied in the AEC industry. Based on the Scopus database, the top ten technologies that have been mostly researched from 2010 to 2021 are presented, including BIM, AI, 3D Printing, Machine Learning, IoT, GIS, VR, Big Data, Robotics and AR.
28. “Review on 3D Printing and its Applications in Engineering“, Authors: Priyank Kothari, Gaurav Parate, Chinmay Kulkarni, Nilakshi Soitkar, Girish Khot (link)
    • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> … Compared to the increasing sales every year, and 3D printing still under development, it cannot be considered as a substitute to the traditional methods, but for sure can be considered as a lending hand to the traditional methods. The skills required to carry out the processes must be addressed if people look at additive manufacturing as a replacement to the traditional methods. These skills are vital and should be nurtured, partnerships from universities and workshops and training programmes are one of the few ways to make sure that the skilled and talented group of people is built.
29. “Remote 3D Printing for the Integration of Clay-based Materials in Sustainable Architectural Fabrication“, Authors: Yomna K. Abdallah, Secil Afsar, Alberto T. Estévez, Oleg Popov (link), Chapter in the book “Renewable Energy for Mitigating Climate Change“
30. “Adaptive Concrete 3D Printing Based on industrial Robotics“, Author: Ruiming Hu (link), MSc Thesis
    • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> … 6 FUTURE WORK AND RECOMMENDATIONS: “6.1 robot control” Real-time control (RTC) of industrial robot is able to update trajectory in real-time depending on the features of printed object which can reduce the errors that came from the difference between actual object and desired object. This process could be implemented by TCP or UDP communication protocol or robot control system (ROS) based on these to send motion instructions to the robot in real-time. Also, KUKA industry provides some add-on package on controller, such as robot sensor interface (RSI) or Ethernet KRL interface (EKI) to help customers to simplify this development process. This real-time control of industrial robot could help robot to complete basic pick-and-place task in manufacturing scenario based on a vision input. (L. Rogers, H. J. Vermaak, 2017) and even Human-robot physical interaction and collaboration (Milad Geravand, et al, 2013). Incomparison, it requires high response speed and accuracy in 3D printing scenario. As the result, the time delay between sending command and execution of robot need to be considered.
31. “Acoustic behaviour of 3D-printable cement mortarts functionalized with recycled tire rubber aggregates“, Authors: Matteo Sambucci, Marco Valente (link)
    • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> … The viscoelastic nature of rubber aggregates enhances the material’s damping, resulting in lightweight cementitious compounds with improved sound insulation behaviour. In this regard, particles size gradation is crucial.
32. “Effect of A Novel Shrinkage-reducing Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer on Plastic Shrinkage Cracking of Mortars“, Authors: Jian Zhang, Yuefeng Ma, Haixin Zhao, Jiaping Liu, Zhangli Hu, Hua Li, Kangchen Wang, Lingzheng Wu (link)
33. “Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on viscosity of cement-based pastes“, Authors: Ivan Navarrete, Yahya Kurama, Nestor Escalona, Wernher Brevis, Mauricio Lopez (link)
    • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> .. The viscosity of the cementitious paste is more affected by the solid volume fraction, which is determined by the water-to-cementitious materials ratio, than by the properties of the cementitious particles. The interparticle force is a good predictor of the bonding strength of cementitious particles, and the combined effect of particle number density and solid volume fraction is a good estimator of the amount of contact points of this network, which explains most of the observed variability in the viscosity of cementitious paste. The viscosity of cementitious paste is more affected by the number of contact points between the cementitious particles than the interparticle force between them. The interparticle force is influenced by the surface roughness and sphericity of the cementitious materials.
34. “3D Printing/Addictive Manufacturing“, Author: Omoseni Adepoju (link), Chapter in the book “Re-skilling Human Resources for Construction 4.0”
    • Selected take-away key point (highlighted interesting point a.k.a. “why should you care“) –> .. For the construction industry to fully implement 3D printing, there is a need for reskilling and upskilling. Effective adoption of this technology requires both soft and technical skills. These include software designing, modelling, graphics, safety management, creativity, critical thinking, problem-solving, finishing and intellectual property protection.

B. Related/selected news clippings collection:

1. “3D printed construction startup Tvasta receives Rs 3 cr investment” (link)
   • Quote: According to UN-Habitat, an estimated 1.6 billion people lack adequate housing today, with global demand for affordable housing growing by 4000 units every hour. In order to reach more low-income households, Tvasta is working with the Government of India through its “Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana” (Housing for All) initiative, which aims to build 20 million urban and rural homes for low-income families by 2022.
2. “Off-the-Shelf Bioplastic Helps 3D Print Geometric Shapes to Mimic Auxetic Materials” (link)
   • Quote: …the energy absorption would be corresponding to a thick reinforced composite protective render measuring around 20 mm over a full-scale building wall. This could possibly resist the impact force of a car traveling at 60 km/hour.
3. “Can startups build a better construction industry?” (link)
   • Quote: The key to success is usefulness: The construction industry is stubborn, Strupule says, so it’s vital for startups to base their businesses in real use cases and solutions that give concrete results. This also leaves room for new players to collaborate with corporates — as long as startups are ready to provide tangible results.
4. “Innovative 3D printed ‘fungi home’ and Apis Cor’s ‘IMpreza’ score big at architecture awards” (link)
   • Quote: Australian architecture firm Simulaa and Boston-based construction company Apis Cor have gained prestigious local awards for the innovative designs behind their latest 3D printed housing projects.
5. “The first 3D concrete printing scientific laboratory in the Baltics is opened, created by RTU in cooperation with Ltd. Sakret” (link)
6. “A First in Turkey! İmamoğlu Visited the Building Built with 3D Printer” (link)
   • Quote: Stating that İSTON has been conducting the study for a long time, İmamoğlu said, “Actually, we are talking about a very new application in terms of technology. A first in Turkey. Very precious and valuable. As someone who comes from this sector, I can feel that such a practice, such a fast manufacturing capability is very valuable.”

In a future (maybe even.. next?) iteration of our common journey/endeavor, I will be (potentially/tentatively) presenting *one* piece of scientific literature and *why* it is important for All (of Us) to know and apply… 3D Construction Printing-wise 🙂

Stay 3Dposted!

Special (selected) homework study material for All of us 🙂

A. Related current scientific literature collection:

1. “Carbonaceous admixtures in cementitious building materials: Effect of particle size blending on rheology, packing, early age properties and processing energy demand“
   • Souradeep Gupta, Jean-Marc Tulliani, Harn WeiKua – link
2. “Computational Frameworks for Multi-Robot Cooperative 3D Printing and Planning” (PhD Thesis)
   • Laxmi Prasad Poudel – link
3. “3D Concrete Printing: A Road Map for future of Automated Construction in India“
   • Raman Shaw, Kundan K. MauryaandProf. Damodar Maity – link
4. “Working with Randomness: A Perspective on Using Spatial Statistics to Engineer the Mechanics of Heterogenous Materials“
   • Mija H. Hubler, Zahraa H. Alquraini – link
5. “Advanced Design for Manufacturing Processes“
   • Special issue – link
6. “A Study on the Analysis of the Trend of installations Using 3D Printing Technique“
   • Kim, Ji Min, Lee, Tae Hee – link
7. “A state of the art on the future of 3D printing Smart technology and its impact on the infrastructure industry“
   • Avinash Varma K – link

Wishes for a pleasant weekend to All.

Stay 3Dposted 🙂

Dear All Brave who come forth and enter the abaton (for now) of what is … Construction Automation applied 🙂

This is the 3rd installment of our current journey; let’s see where it leads…

A. Related/selected news clippings collection:

1. “Construction begins on CYBE’s first 3D-printed homes in the Carribean” – link
2. “A scaled down medieval irrigation system 3D printed in concrete” – link
3. “The world’s first 3D-printed parkour park is unveiled in Prague” – link
4. “Concrete industry Brievengat ‘prints’ homes with 3D concrete printer” – link
5. “Basingstoke start-up proposes tunnel-spraying bots” – link
6. “Could Future Offices be 3D Printed by Robots?” – link
7. “Biggest 3D-Printing Home Opportunity I’v ever seen…” – link
8. “The ‘World’s Longest’ 3D-Printed Concrete Bridge Erected in The Netherlands” – link
9. “Retrotechtacular: 3D-printed buildings, 1930s style” – link
10. “Australia’s first ‘digital’ construction management degree to commence in 2022” – link
11. “How a new construction technology could save two thirds of concrete” – link

B. Related current scientific literature collection:

1. “Modelling the interlayer bond strength of 3D printed concrete with surface moisture“
   • Gerrit Marius Moelich, Jacques Kruger, Riaan Combrinck – link
2. “Incremental viscoelasticity at finite strains for the modelling of 3D concrete printing“
   • Boumediene Nedjar – link
3. “Developing Mix Proportions for Class C Fly Ash-Based Alkali-Activated 3D-Printed Concrete Mixtures“
   • Fareh Abudawaba, Eslam Gomaa, Ahmed Gheni, Mohamed ElGawady – link
4. “Effect of autogenous shrinkage on microcracking and mass transport properties of concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials“
   • M.H.N. Yio, M.J. Mac, Y.X. Yeow, H.S. Wong, N.R. Buenfeld- link
5. “Industry 4.0 in a project context: Introducing 3D printing in construction projects“
   • Nils O.E. Olsson, Emrah Arica, Ruth Woods, Javier Alonso Madrid – link
6. “Synergies on rheology and structural build-up of fresh cement pastes with nanoclays, nanosilica and viscosity modifying admixtures“
   • Hugo Varela, Gonzalo Barluenga, Irene Palomar, Alberto Sepulcre – link
7. “Evaluation of zeta potential of calcined clays and time-dependent flowability of blended cements with customized polycarboxylate-based superplasticizers“
   • Ricarda Sposito, Matthias Maier, Nancy Beuntner, Karl-Christian Thienel- link
8. “Bottom-up approaches to engineered living materials: Challenges and future directions“
   • Sara Molinari, Robert F. Tesoriero Jr., Caroline M. Ajo-Franklin- link
9. “3D Printing Mudrocks: Experiments in Validating Clay as a Build Material for 3D Printing Porous Micromodels“
   • Franciszek Hasiuk, Chris Harding- link
10. “The Algorithm and Application of Fast Surface Slice and Color Acquisition for Color 3D Printing“
    • Yang Xiao, Yi Yang, Yi Wang- link
11. “A Drone-Assisted 3D Printing by Crane Structures in Construction Industry“
    • Fabio Parisi, Agostino Marcello Mangini, Maria Pia Fanti; Nicola Parisi- link
12. “Short-duration near-nozzle mixing for 3D concrete printing“
    • Nan Zhang, Ming Xia, Jay Sanjayan – link
13. “Rheology and shrinkage of concrete using polypropylene fiber for 3D concrete printing“
    • Mien V. Tran, Yen T.H. Cua, Chau V.H. Le – link
14. “Numerical simulation of multi‐layer 3D concrete printing“
    • Jon Spangenberg, Wilson Ricardo Leal da Silva, Raphaël Comminal, Md. Tusher Mollah, Thomas Juul Andersen, Henrik Stang – link
15. “The effect of using polypropylene fibers on the durability and fire resistance of concrete“
    • Hassan Suiffi, Anas El Maliki, Fatima Majid, Omar Cherkaoui – link
16. “Pumping of Flowable Concrete: Analytical Prediction and Experimental Validation“
    • Rami Khatib and Kamal H. Khayat – link
17. “Cost–Benefit Analysis and Environmental Impact Assessment of 3D Printing Applications in Building Construction in Oman“
    • Vineet Tirth, Syed Waheedullah Ghori – link
18. “Influence of supplementary cementitious materials, curing conditions and mixing ratios on fresh and mechanical properties of engineered cementitious composites – A review“
    • N.Shanmugasundaram, S.Praveenkumar- link
19. “What Did You Add to My Additive Manufacturing Data? Steganographic Attacks on 3D Printing Files“
    • Mark Yampolskiy, Lynne Graves, Jacob Gatlin – link
20. “Evaluation of interlayer bonding in layered composites based on non-destructive measurements and machine learning: Comparative analysis of selected learning algorithms“
    • Sławomir Czarnecki, Łukasz Sadowski, Jerzy Hoła – link
21. “Digital fabrication of eco-friendly ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concrete“
    • Arun R. Arunothayan, Behzad Nematollahi, Ravi Ranade, Kamal H. Khayat, Jay G. Sanjayan – link
22. “Experimental study on large-scale 3D printed concrete walls under axial compression“
    • Xiaoyu Han, Jiachuan Yan, Mingjian Liu, Liang Huo, Junlin Li- link
23. “Flexural Behavior of 3D Printed High-Strength Ductile Concrete Beams with Optimized Topology” (Thesis)
    • Amadeu Malats Domenech – link
24. “3D-Printed Biodigital Clay Bricks“
    • Yomna K. Abdallah, Alberto T. Estévez- link
25. “Cost–Benefit Analysis and Environmental Impact Assessment of 3D Printing Applications in Building Construction in Oman“
    • Vineet Tirth, Syed Waheedullah Ghori – link
26. “Investigation for Developing 3D Concrete Printing Apparatus for Underwater Application“
    • Jun Pil Hwang, Hojae Lee, Hong-Kyu Kwon – link
27. “Digital Fabrication Techniques for 3D Printing with Everyday Materials” (PhD Thesis)
    • Michael L. Rivera – link
28. “Numerical simulation of multi‐layer 3D concrete printing“
    • Jon Spangenberg, Wilson Ricardo Leal da Silva, Raphaël Comminal, Md. Tusher Mollah, Thomas Juul Andersen, Henrik Stang – link

C. Extra points [for those that reached the post’s End!], some Conferences/Seminars to keep a (keen) eye out 🙂

1. “European Military Additive Manufacturing Symposium” (link)
2. “3D Printing for Production -AM 2021” (link)
3. “Advanced Manufacturing Technology Conference 2021” (link)
4. “Inside 3D Printing Seoul” (link)
5. “Health and Safety in Additive Manufacturing” by TÜV SÜD (link)

As the (net savvy) Youth likes to say: “sharing is caring“!

Stay 3Dposted 🙂